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英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法——?jiǎng)釉~不定式2

來(lái)源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源 文章作者:匿名 2009-07-14 14:37:45

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7.4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
這樣的句子中,由于表語(yǔ)形容詞性質(zhì)的不同,導(dǎo)致了不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)標(biāo)志用for或of的區(qū)別。
1)for sb. 句型中的形容詞一般為表示事物的特征特點(diǎn),表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:例如:
   It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門(mén)外語(yǔ)是很難的。
2)of sb句型中的形容詞一般為表示性格,品德,心智能力,表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。例如:
   It's very nice of you to help me. 你來(lái)幫助我,你真是太好了。
用for還是用of 的另一種辨別方法:
  用介詞for或of后面的邏輯主語(yǔ)作句子的主語(yǔ),用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ),造個(gè)句子。如果通順用of,不通則用for。例如:
   You are nice.。ㄍ槪詰(yīng)用of)。
   He is hard.  (非所表達(dá)的意思,不通,因此用for。)

7.5 不定式作表語(yǔ)
  不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面,形成表語(yǔ)。例如:
   My work is to clean the room every day. 我的工作是每天清掃房間。
   His dream is to be a doctor. 他的夢(mèng)想是成為一名醫(yī)生。

7.6 不定式作定語(yǔ)
  不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后,往往表示未發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如:
   I have a lot of work to do. 我有許多事要做。
   There was nothing to bring home that morning. 那天早上(他回家時(shí))兩手空空。

7.7 不定式作狀語(yǔ)
1)目的狀語(yǔ) 
常用結(jié)構(gòu)為to do , only to do(僅僅為了), in order to do, so as to do, so(such)… as to…(如此…以便…)。例如:
   He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。
   I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來(lái)僅僅是向你告別。 
2)作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ),可以表示沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的或事與愿違的結(jié)果,不定式要放在句子后面。
I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)箱子不見(jiàn)了。
   He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房間,沒(méi)發(fā)現(xiàn)什么。
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you. 見(jiàn)到你很高興。
She wept to see the sight. 她一看到這情形就哭了。
4)表示理由和條件
He must be a fool to say so.
You will do well to speak more carefully.

7.8 用作介詞的to
to 可以用作介詞,也可用作不定式的標(biāo)示。下面的to 都用作介詞:
admit to object to be accustomed to be used to stick to turn to開(kāi)始
look forward to be devoted to pay attention to contribute to apologize to devote oneself to

7.9 省去to 的動(dòng)詞不定式
1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除ought 外) 后。
2) 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make后,感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。
注意:被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不能省去to。例如:
  I saw him dance. 我看見(jiàn)他跳舞。
  =He was seen to dance.
  The boss made them work the whole night. 老板讓他們整夜干活。
  =They were made to work the whole night.
3) would rather,had better句型后
4) Why… / why no…句型后
5) help 后可帶to,也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth:
6) but和except后。but前是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí),后面出現(xiàn)的不定式不帶to。 
比較:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。
   He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃這藥,他什么都信。
7) 由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式,第二個(gè)to 可以省去:
8) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等詞后作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),可以省去to be。例如: 
   He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。
典型例題
1) ---- I usually go there by train. 
  ---- Why not ___ by boat for a change? 
  A. to try going  B. trying to go  C. to try and go  D. try going  
  答案:D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式,因此選D。
2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard. 
  A. learn  B. to learn  C. learned  D. learning
  答案:B. make后接不帶to 的動(dòng)詞不定式,當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí),to 不可省略。

7.10 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式
在不定式標(biāo)志to前加上not。例如:
  Tell him not to shut the window。讓他別關(guān)窗。
  She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過(guò)的時(shí)候,她假裝沒(méi)看見(jiàn)。
典型例題
1)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking. 
  A. never to drive  B. to never driver  C. never driving  D. never drive 
  答案:A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never.
2) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ____. 
  A. not to  B. not to do  C. not do it  D. do not to
  答案:A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to這個(gè)詞,而不必重復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞do后應(yīng)有賓語(yǔ),因此也B,D不對(duì)。

7.11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
1)too…to  太…以至于…。例如: 
  He is too excited to speak. 他太激動(dòng)了,說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。
  ---- Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 
不用了。這箱子太重,恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝。
2) 如在too前有否定詞,則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定,too 后那個(gè)詞表達(dá)一種委婉含義,意 為"不太"。例如:
  It's never too late to mend.  改過(guò)不嫌晚。(諺語(yǔ))
3) 當(dāng)too 前面有only, all, but時(shí),意思是:非常… 等于very。例如:
  I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 能幫助你我非常高興。
  He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。

7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to
1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。例如:
  Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對(duì)事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。
  Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去,別驚醒了嬰兒。
2)表示結(jié)果。例如:
  Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 勞駕,現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。
    
7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not
 "Why not +動(dòng)詞原形"表達(dá)向某人提出建議,翻譯為:"為什么不……?" "干嗎不……?"。例如:
 Why not take a holiday? 干嗎不去度假?
   
7.14 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
1) 一般式表示的動(dòng)詞,有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后,例如
   He seems to know this. 他似乎知道這事。
   I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見(jiàn)到你。
2) 完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。例如: 
  I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉,給你添了那么多的麻煩。
  He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已經(jīng)得了感冒。
3) 進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。例如:
  He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么東西。
4) 完成進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作從過(guò)去開(kāi)始并延續(xù)至說(shuō)話的時(shí)候。例如:
  She is known to have been working on the problem for many years. 我們知道她研究這問(wèn)題有好幾年了。

7.15 動(dòng)名詞與不定式
1)動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別:
  動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是: 狀態(tài),性質(zhì),心境,抽象,經(jīng)常性,已發(fā)生的
  不定式表達(dá)的是: 目的,結(jié)果,原因,具體,一次性,將發(fā)生的
2)有些動(dòng)詞如continue接不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),意義基本相同。
3)有些動(dòng)詞如continue接不定式或動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),意義大相徑庭。常見(jiàn)的,下一節(jié)有專門(mén)討論。

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