英語語法——分詞
來源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源 文章作者:匿名 2009-07-14 14:32:42
分詞既有動詞的特征,由有形容詞和副詞的特征。分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種。現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式,過去分詞沒有這種區(qū)別。及物動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞還有主動形式和被動形式的區(qū)別。分詞常用的形式如表所示(以及物動詞do 和不及物動詞go為例):
do go
主動 被動
現(xiàn)在分詞 doing being done going
過去分詞 / done gone
完成式 having done having been done /
9.1 分詞作定語
不及物動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)完成;及物動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語強(qiáng)調(diào)主動,過去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)被動。分詞的完成式一般不作定語。分詞作其他成分時,也是如此。分詞作定語,單個的分詞作定語一般前置;分詞詞組,個別分詞如given, left等,修飾不定代詞等的分詞,作定語需后置。例如:
We can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日
He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人
There was a girl sitting there. 有個女孩坐在那里
This is the question given. 這是所給的問題
There is nothing interesting. 沒有有趣的東西
分詞作定語相當(dāng)于定語從句,如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists.
典型例題
1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written
答案D. 書與寫作是被動關(guān)系,應(yīng)用過去分詞做定語表被動,相當(dāng)于定語從句 which was written
2)What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
答案B. 主語language與謂語動詞之間有被動的含義。spoken,在句中作定語,修飾主語language, spoken 與 language有被動關(guān)系。該句可以理解為:What's the language (which is) spoken in German?
9.2 分詞作狀語
分詞作狀語,可以表示時間,原因,理由,條件,讓步,連續(xù)等,相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句。例如:
Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于沒有收到他的信,我給他打了個電話。
As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. 多給些照顧,那些樹會長得更好。
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
典型例題
1)_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed
答案B. Napoleon 與follow 之間有被動的含義。being followed除表達(dá)被動之外,還有動作正在進(jìn)行之意。 followed by(被…跟隨)。本題可改為: With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
2)There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed
答案B. 由于聲音在閃電后,因此為聲跟隨著光,聲音為跟隨的發(fā)出者,為主動。用現(xiàn)在分詞。
3)_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat
答案C. 本題要選分詞作為狀語。現(xiàn)在分詞表主動,正在進(jìn)行的;過去分詞表被動的,已經(jīng)完成的。對于液體來說是加熱的受動者,是被動的,因而選C。它相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句 When it is heated,…
注意:選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞,關(guān)鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動作是主句的主語發(fā)出,分詞就選用現(xiàn)在分詞,反之就用過去分詞。例如:
Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很長時間,這本書看上去很舊。
Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的過程中,我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用。
9.3 連詞+分詞(短語)
有時為使分詞短語與主句關(guān)系更清楚,可在分詞前加連詞。 連詞有: when,while,if though,after, before, as. 但分詞的主語和主句的主語必須為同一個。例如:
While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
等在那兒時,他看見兩個靚妹走出大樓。(waiting 和saw 的主語相同)
9.4 分詞作補語
通常在感官動詞和使役動詞之后。例如:
I found my car missing. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的車不見了。
'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。
9.5 分詞作表語
表示主語的狀態(tài)等。例如:
She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙著做飯,看上去有些疲倦。
He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。
9.6 分詞作插入語
分詞作插入語的結(jié)構(gòu)是固定的,意思上的主語并不是句子的主語。例如:
generally speaking 一般說來
talking of (speaking of) 說道
strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格的說
judging from 從…判斷
all things considered 從整體來看
taking all things into consideration 全面看來
例如:Judging from his face, he must be ill. 從他的臉色看,他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 總的來說,狗比豬跑得快。 (speaking 不是dogs 的動作)
9.7 分詞的時態(tài)
1)一般式表示與主語動詞同時發(fā)生。例如:
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 聽到這一消息,他高興得手舞足蹈。
Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 一到那兒,他們就發(fā)現(xiàn)那男孩死了。
典型例題
The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing
答案B. 此處沒有連詞,不能選D,否則出現(xiàn)了兩個謂語動詞worked和was preparing。 只能在B,C中選一個。又因前后兩個動作同時發(fā)生,且與主語為主動關(guān)系,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞。
2)完成時表示先于主語動詞發(fā)生。例如:
While walking in the garden,he hurt his leg. 在花園里散步時他傷了腿。
分詞作時間狀語,如果先與主動詞的動作,且強(qiáng)調(diào)先后, 要用having done。
Having finished his homework, he went out. 做完作業(yè)后,他出去了。
=As he had finished his homework, he went out.
典型例題
___ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving B. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
答案C. 本題考查分詞的時態(tài)與分詞的否定式。根據(jù)題意判斷,分詞的動作(接信)發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作(決心再寫信)之前,因此用分詞的完成式。分詞的否定式的構(gòu)成為not +分詞,故選C。該句可理解為:Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
9.8 分詞的語態(tài)
1)通常,現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動,過去分詞表示被動。例如:
He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you…)他就是給你錢的那個人。
He is the man stopped by the car. 。= who was stopped by…)他就是那個被車攔住的人。
2)不及物動詞的過去分詞表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生,如gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等。
例如: a well-read person. 一個讀過許多書的人
a much-traveled may 一個去過許多地方的人
a burnt-out match 燒完了的火柴
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