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英語語法——分詞

來源:網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源 文章作者:匿名 2009-07-14 14:32:42

智能內(nèi)容

  分詞既有動詞的特征,由有形容詞和副詞的特征。分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞兩種。現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式,過去分詞沒有這種區(qū)別。及物動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞還有主動形式和被動形式的區(qū)別。分詞常用的形式如表所示(以及物動詞do 和不及物動詞go為例):

  do go

  主動 被動

  現(xiàn)在分詞 doing being done going

  過去分詞 / done gone

  完成式 having done having been done /

  9.1 分詞作定語

  不及物動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)動作正在進(jìn)行,過去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)完成;及物動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞作定語強(qiáng)調(diào)主動,過去分詞強(qiáng)調(diào)被動。分詞的完成式一般不作定語。分詞作其他成分時,也是如此。分詞作定語,單個的分詞作定語一般前置;分詞詞組,個別分詞如given, left等,修飾不定代詞等的分詞,作定語需后置。例如:

  We can see the rising sun. 我們可以看到東升的旭日

  He is a retired worker.  他是位退休的工人

  There was a girl sitting there. 有個女孩坐在那里

  This is the question given.   這是所給的問題

  There is nothing interesting.  沒有有趣的東西

  分詞作定語相當(dāng)于定語從句,如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists.

  典型例題

  1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

  A. have written  B. to be written  C. being written  D. written

  答案D. 書與寫作是被動關(guān)系,應(yīng)用過去分詞做定語表被動,相當(dāng)于定語從句 which was written

  2)What's the language ____ in Germany?

  A. speaking  B. spoken   C. be spoken  D. to speak

  答案B. 主語language與謂語動詞之間有被動的含義。spoken,在句中作定語,修飾主語language, spoken 與 language有被動關(guān)系。該句可以理解為:What's the language (which is) spoken in German?


  9.2 分詞作狀語

  分詞作狀語,可以表示時間,原因,理由,條件,讓步,連續(xù)等,相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句。例如:

  Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于沒有收到他的信,我給他打了個電話。

  As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.

  Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. 多給些照顧,那些樹會長得更好。

  If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.

  典型例題

  1)_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.

  A. Followed  B. Followed by  C. Being followed  D. Having been followed

  答案B. Napoleon 與follow 之間有被動的含義。being followed除表達(dá)被動之外,還有動作正在進(jìn)行之意。 followed by(被…跟隨)。本題可改為:                 With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.

  2)There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.

  A. followed  B. following  C. to be followed  D. being followed

  答案B. 由于聲音在閃電后,因此為聲跟隨著光,聲音為跟隨的發(fā)出者,為主動。用現(xiàn)在分詞。

  3)_______, liquids can be changed into gases.

  A. Heating  B. To be heated  C. Heated  D. Heat

  答案C. 本題要選分詞作為狀語。現(xiàn)在分詞表主動,正在進(jìn)行的;過去分詞表被動的,已經(jīng)完成的。對于液體來說是加熱的受動者,是被動的,因而選C。它相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句 When it is heated,…

  注意:選擇現(xiàn)在分詞還是過去分詞,關(guān)鍵看主句的主語。如分詞的動作是主句的主語發(fā)出,分詞就選用現(xiàn)在分詞,反之就用過去分詞。例如:

  Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很長時間,這本書看上去很舊。

  Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的過程中,我發(fā)現(xiàn)這本書很有用。

  9.3 連詞+分詞(短語)

  有時為使分詞短語與主句關(guān)系更清楚,可在分詞前加連詞。 連詞有: when,while,if though,after, before, as. 但分詞的主語和主句的主語必須為同一個。例如:

  While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.

  等在那兒時,他看見兩個靚妹走出大樓。(waiting 和saw 的主語相同)

  9.4 分詞作補語

  通常在感官動詞和使役動詞之后。例如:

 


  I found my car missing. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)我的車不見了。

  'll have my watch repaired. 我想把我的手表修一下。

  9.5 分詞作表語

  表示主語的狀態(tài)等。例如:

  She looked tired with cooking. 她由于忙著做飯,看上去有些疲倦。

  He remained standing beside the table. 他依然站在桌旁。

  9.6 分詞作插入語

  分詞作插入語的結(jié)構(gòu)是固定的,意思上的主語并不是句子的主語。例如:

  generally speaking 一般說來

  talking of (speaking of) 說道

  strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格的說

  judging from 從…判斷

  all things considered 從整體來看

  taking all things into consideration 全面看來

  例如:Judging from his face, he must be ill. 從他的臉色看,他一定是病了。

  Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 總的來說,狗比豬跑得快。 (speaking 不是dogs 的動作)

  9.7 分詞的時態(tài)

  1)一般式表示與主語動詞同時發(fā)生。例如:

  Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.  聽到這一消息,他高興得手舞足蹈。

  Arriving there, they found the boy dead. 一到那兒,他們就發(fā)現(xiàn)那男孩死了。

  典型例題

  The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.

  A. to prepare  B. preparing  C. prepared  D. was preparing

  答案B. 此處沒有連詞,不能選D,否則出現(xiàn)了兩個謂語動詞worked和was preparing。 只能在B,C中選一個。又因前后兩個動作同時發(fā)生,且與主語為主動關(guān)系,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞。

  2)完成時表示先于主語動詞發(fā)生。例如:

 


  While walking in the garden,he hurt his leg. 在花園里散步時他傷了腿。

  分詞作時間狀語,如果先與主動詞的動作,且強(qiáng)調(diào)先后, 要用having done。

  Having finished his homework, he went out. 做完作業(yè)后,他出去了。

  =As he had finished his homework, he went out.

  典型例題

  ___ a reply, he decided to write again.

  A. Not receiving  B. Receiving not  C. Not having received  D. Having not received

  答案C. 本題考查分詞的時態(tài)與分詞的否定式。根據(jù)題意判斷,分詞的動作(接信)發(fā)生在謂語動詞的動作(決心再寫信)之前,因此用分詞的完成式。分詞的否定式的構(gòu)成為not +分詞,故選C。該句可理解為:Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.

  9.8 分詞的語態(tài)

  1)通常,現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動,過去分詞表示被動。例如:

  He is the man giving you the money.  (= who gave you…)他就是給你錢的那個人。

  He is the man stopped by the car. 。= who was stopped by…)他就是那個被車攔住的人。

  2)不及物動詞的過去分詞表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生,如gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等。

  例如: a well-read person.  一個讀過許多書的人

  a much-traveled may 一個去過許多地方的人

  a burnt-out match   燒完了的火柴

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